4  A large-scale designed experiment

Load the packages to be used

using AlgebraOfGraphics
using Arrow
using CairoMakie
using Chain
using DataFrameMacros
using DataFrames
using Effects
using EmbraceUncertainty: dataset
using LinearAlgebra
using MixedModels
using MixedModelsMakie
using StandardizedPredictors
using StatsBase

and define some constants, if not already defined.

@isdefined(contrasts) || const contrasts = Dict{Symbol,Any}()
@isdefined(progress) || const progress = false

As with many techniques in data science, the place where “the rubber meets the road”, as they say in the automotive industry, for mixed-effects models is when working on large-scale studies.

One such study is the English Lexicon Project (Balota et al., 2007) — a multicenter study incorporating both a lexical decision task and a word recognition task. Different groups of subjects participated in the different tasks.

Compared to our previous examples, the data from these two tasks would be considered to be large data sets. Data manipulation and model fitting in cases like these requires considerable care.

4.1 Trial-level data from the LDT

In the lexical decision task the study participant is shown a character string, under carefully controlled conditions, and responds according to whether they identify the string as a word or not. Two responses are recorded: whether the choice of word/non-word is correct and the time that elapsed between exposure to the string and registering a decision.

Several covariates, some relating to the subject and some relating to the target, were recorded. Initially we consider only the trial-level data.

ldttrial = dataset(:ELP_ldt_trial)

Arrow.Table with 2745952 rows, 5 columns, and schema:
 :subj  String
 :seq   Int16
 :acc   Union{Missing, Bool}
 :rt    Int16
 :item  String

with metadata given by a Base.ImmutableDict{String, String} with 3 entries:
  "source"    => "https://osf.io/n63s2"
  "reference" => "Balota et al. (2007), The English Lexicon Project, Behavior R…
  "title"     => "Trial-level data from Lexical Discrimination Task in the Engl…

Subject identifiers are coded in integers from 1 to 816. We prefer them as strings of the same length. We prefix the subject number with ‘S’ and leftpad the number with zeros to three digits.

ldttrial = transform!(
  DataFrame(ldttrial),
  :seq => ByRow(>(2000)) => :s2;
)
describe(ldttrial)

6×7 DataFrame

Row	variable	mean	min	median	max	nmissing	eltype
	Symbol	Union…	Any	Union…	Any	Int64	Type
1	subj		S001		S816	0	String
2	seq	1687.21	1	1687.0	3374	0	Int16
3	acc	0.85604	false	1.0	true	1370	Union{Missing, Bool}
4	rt	846.325	-16160	732.0	32061	0	Int16
5	item		Aarod		zuss	0	String
6	s2	0.407128	false	0.0	true	0	Bool

There is one trial-level covariate, seq, the sequence number of the trial within subj. Each subject participated in two sessions on different days, with 2000 trials recorded on the first day. We add the s2 column to the data frame using @transform!. The new variable s2 is a Boolean value indicating if the trial is in the second session.

The two response variables are acc - the accuracy of the response - and rt, the response time in milliseconds. The target stimuli to be judged as word or nonword are stored in variable item.

4.2 Initial data exploration

From the basic summary of ldttrial we can see that there are some questionable response times — such as negative values and values over 32 seconds. Because of obvious outliers we will use the median response time, which is not strongly influenced by outliers, rather than the mean response time when summarizing by item or by subject.

Also, there are missing values of the accuracy. We should check if these are associated with particular subjects or particular items.

4.2.1 Summaries by item

To summarize by item we group the trials by item and use combine to produce the various summary statistics. As we will create similar summaries by subject, we incorporate an ‘i’ in the names of these summaries (and an ‘s’ in the name of the summaries by subject) to be able to identify the grouping used.

byitem = @chain ldttrial begin
  groupby(:item)
  @combine(
    :ni = length(:acc),               # no. of obs
    :imiss = count(ismissing, :acc),  # no. of missing acc
    :iacc = count(skipmissing(:acc)), # no. of accurate
    :imedianrt = median(:rt),
  )
  @transform!(
    :wrdlen = Int8(length(:item)),
    :ipropacc = :iacc / :ni
  )
end

80962×7 DataFrame

80937 rows omitted

Row	item	ni	imiss	iacc	imedianrt	wrdlen	ipropacc
	String	Int64	Int64	Int64	Float64	Int8	Float64
1	a	35	0	26	743.0	1	0.742857
2	e	35	0	19	824.0	1	0.542857
3	aah	34	0	21	770.5	3	0.617647
4	aal	34	0	32	702.5	3	0.941176
5	Aaron	33	0	31	625.0	5	0.939394
6	Aarod	33	0	23	810.0	5	0.69697
7	aback	34	0	15	710.0	5	0.441176
8	ahack	34	0	34	662.0	5	1.0
9	abacus	34	0	17	671.5	6	0.5
10	alacus	34	0	29	640.0	6	0.852941
11	abandon	34	0	32	641.0	7	0.941176
12	acandon	34	0	33	725.5	7	0.970588
13	abandoned	34	0	31	667.5	9	0.911765
⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮
80951	zoology	33	0	32	623.0	7	0.969697
80952	poology	33	0	32	757.0	7	0.969697
80953	zoom	35	0	34	548.0	4	0.971429
80954	zool	35	0	30	633.0	4	0.857143
80955	zooming	33	0	29	617.0	7	0.878788
80956	sooming	33	0	30	721.0	7	0.909091
80957	zooms	33	0	30	598.0	5	0.909091
80958	cooms	33	0	31	660.0	5	0.939394
80959	zucchini	34	0	29	781.5	8	0.852941
80960	hucchini	34	0	32	727.5	8	0.941176
80961	Zurich	34	0	21	731.5	6	0.617647
80962	Zurach	34	0	26	811.0	6	0.764706

It can be seen that the items occur in word/nonword pairs and the pairs are sorted alphabetically by the word in the pair (ignoring case). We can add the word/nonword status for the items as

byitem.isword = isodd.(eachindex(byitem.item))
describe(byitem)

8×7 DataFrame

Row	variable	mean	min	median	max	nmissing	eltype
	Symbol	Union…	Any	Union…	Any	Int64	DataType
1	item		Aarod		zuss	0	String
2	ni	33.9166	30	34.0	37	0	Int64
3	imiss	0.0169215	0	0.0	2	0	Int64
4	iacc	29.0194	0	31.0	37	0	Int64
5	imedianrt	753.069	458.0	737.5	1691.0	0	Float64
6	wrdlen	7.9988	1	8.0	21	0	Int8
7	ipropacc	0.855616	0.0	0.911765	1.0	0	Float64
8	isword	0.5	false	0.5	true	0	Bool

This table shows that some of the items were never identified correctly. These are

filter(:iacc => iszero, byitem)

9×8 DataFrame

Row	item	ni	imiss	iacc	imedianrt	wrdlen	ipropacc	isword
	String	Int64	Int64	Int64	Float64	Int8	Float64	Bool
1	baobab	34	0	0	616.5	6	0.0	true
2	haulage	34	0	0	708.5	7	0.0	true
3	leitmotif	35	0	0	688.0	9	0.0	true
4	miasmal	35	0	0	774.0	7	0.0	true
5	peahen	34	0	0	684.0	6	0.0	true
6	plosive	34	0	0	663.0	7	0.0	true
7	plugugly	33	0	0	709.0	8	0.0	true
8	poshest	34	0	0	740.0	7	0.0	true
9	servo	33	0	0	697.0	5	0.0	true

Notice that these are all words but somewhat obscure words such that none of the subjects exposed to the word identified it correctly.

We can incorporate characteristics like wrdlen and isword back into the original trial table with a “left join”. This operation joins two tables by values in a common column. It is called a left join because the left (or first) table takes precedence, in the sense that every row in the left table is present in the result. If there is no matching row in the second table then missing values are inserted for the columns from the right table in the result.

describe(
  leftjoin!(
    ldttrial,
    select(byitem, :item, :wrdlen, :isword);
    on=:item,
  ),
)

8×7 DataFrame

Row	variable	mean	min	median	max	nmissing	eltype
	Symbol	Union…	Any	Union…	Any	Int64	Type
1	subj		S001		S816	0	String
2	seq	1687.21	1	1687.0	3374	0	Int16
3	acc	0.85604	false	1.0	true	1370	Union{Missing, Bool}
4	rt	846.325	-16160	732.0	32061	0	Int16
5	item		Aarod		zuss	0	String
6	s2	0.407128	false	0.0	true	0	Bool
7	wrdlen	7.99835	1	8.0	21	0	Union{Missing, Int8}
8	isword	0.499995	false	0.0	true	0	Union{Missing, Bool}

Notice that the wrdlen and isword variables in this table allow for missing values, because they are derived from the second argument, but there are no missing values for these variables. If there is no need to allow for missing values, there is a slight advantage in disallowing them in the element type, because the code to check for and handle missing values is not needed.

This could be done separately for each column or for the whole data frame, as in

describe(disallowmissing!(ldttrial; error=false))

8×7 DataFrame

Row	variable	mean	min	median	max	nmissing	eltype
	Symbol	Union…	Any	Union…	Any	Int64	Type
1	subj		S001		S816	0	String
2	seq	1687.21	1	1687.0	3374	0	Int16
3	acc	0.85604	false	1.0	true	1370	Union{Missing, Bool}
4	rt	846.325	-16160	732.0	32061	0	Int16
5	item		Aarod		zuss	0	String
6	s2	0.407128	false	0.0	true	0	Bool
7	wrdlen	7.99835	1	8.0	21	0	Int8
8	isword	0.499995	false	0.0	true	0	Bool

Named argument “error”

The named argument error=false is required because there is one column, acc, that does incorporate missing values. If error=false were not given then the error thrown when trying to disallowmissing on the acc column would be propagated and the top-level call would fail.

A barchart of the word length counts, Figure 4.1, shows that the majority of the items are between 3 and 14 characters.

let wlen = 1:21
  draw(
    data((; wrdlen=wlen, count=counts(byitem.wrdlen, wlen))) *
    mapping(:wrdlen => "Length of word", :count) *
    visual(BarPlot);
    figure=(; size=(600, 450)),
  )
end

Figure 4.1: Histogram of word lengths in the items used in the lexical decision task.

To examine trends in accuracy by word length we use a scatterplot smoother on the binary response, as described in Section 6.1.1. The resulting plot, Figure 4.2, shows the accuracy of identifying words is more-or-less constant at around 84%, but accuracy decreases with increasing word length for the nonwords.

draw(
  data(filter(:acc => !ismissing, ldttrial)) *
  mapping(
    :wrdlen => "Word length",
    :acc => "Accuracy";
    color=:isword,
  ) *
  smooth();
  figure=(; size=(600, 340)),
)

Figure 4.2: Smoothed curves of accuracy versus word length in the lexical decision task.

Figure 4.2 may be a bit misleading because the largest discrepancies in proportion of accurate identifications of words and nonwords occur for the longest words, of which there are few. Over 96% of the words are between 4 and 13 characters in length

count(x -> 4 ≤ x ≤ 13, byitem.wrdlen) / nrow(byitem)

0.9654899829549666

If we restrict the smoother curves to this range, as in Figure 4.3,

draw(
  data(@subset(ldttrial, !ismissing(:acc), 4 ≤ :wrdlen ≤ 13)) *
  mapping(
    :wrdlen => "Word length",
    :acc => "Accuracy";
    color=:isword,
  ) *
  smooth();
  figure=(; size=(600, 340)),
)

Figure 4.3: Smoothed curves of accuracy versus word length in the range 4 to 13 characters in the lexical decision task.

the differences are less dramatic.

Another way to visualize these results is by plotting the proportion accurate versus word-length separately for words and non-words with the area of each marker proportional to the number of observations for that combinations (Figure 4.4).

let
  itemsummry = combine(
    groupby(byitem, [:wrdlen, :isword]),
    :ni => sum,
    :imiss => sum,
    :iacc => sum,
  )
  @transform!(
    itemsummry,
    :iacc_mean = :iacc_sum / (:ni_sum - :imiss_sum)
  )
  @transform!(itemsummry, :msz = sqrt((:ni_sum - :imiss_sum) / 800))
  draw(
    data(itemsummry) * mapping(
      :wrdlen => "Word length",
      :iacc_mean => "Proportion accurate";
      color=:isword,
      markersize=:msz,
    );
    figure=(; size=(600, 340)),
  )
end

Figure 4.4: Proportion of accurate trials in the LDT versus word length separately for words and non-words. The area of the marker is proportional to the number of observations represented.

The pattern in the range of word lengths with non-negligible counts (there are points in the plot down to word lengths of 1 and up to word lengths of 21 but these points are very small) is that the accuracy for words is nearly constant at about 84% and the accuracy for nonwords is slightly higher until lengths of 13, at which point it falls off a bit.

4.2.2 Summaries by subject

A summary of accuracy and median response time by subject

bysubj = @chain ldttrial begin
  groupby(:subj)
  @combine(
    :ns = length(:acc),               # no. of obs
    :smiss = count(ismissing, :acc),  # no. of missing acc
    :sacc = count(skipmissing(:acc)), # no. of accurate
    :smedianrt = median(:rt),
  )
  @transform!(:spropacc = :sacc / :ns)
end

814×6 DataFrame

789 rows omitted

Row	subj	ns	smiss	sacc	smedianrt	spropacc
	String	Int64	Int64	Int64	Float64	Float64
1	S001	3374	0	3158	554.0	0.935981
2	S002	3372	1	3031	960.0	0.898873
3	S003	3372	3	3006	813.0	0.891459
4	S004	3374	1	3062	619.0	0.907528
5	S005	3374	0	2574	677.0	0.762893
6	S006	3374	0	2927	855.0	0.867516
7	S007	3374	4	2877	918.5	0.852697
8	S008	3372	1	2731	1310.0	0.809905
9	S009	3374	13	2669	657.0	0.791049
10	S010	3374	0	2722	757.0	0.806758
11	S011	3374	0	2894	632.0	0.857736
12	S012	3374	4	2979	692.0	0.882928
13	S013	3374	2	2980	1114.0	0.883225
⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮
803	S805	3374	5	2881	534.0	0.853883
804	S806	3374	1	3097	841.5	0.917902
805	S807	3374	3	2994	704.0	0.887374
806	S808	3374	2	2751	630.5	0.815353
807	S809	3372	4	2603	627.0	0.771945
808	S810	3374	1	3242	603.5	0.960877
809	S811	3374	2	2861	827.0	0.847955
810	S812	3372	6	3012	471.0	0.893238
811	S813	3372	4	2932	823.0	0.869514
812	S814	3374	1	3070	773.0	0.909899
813	S815	3374	1	3024	602.0	0.896266
814	S816	3374	0	2950	733.0	0.874333

shows some anomalies

describe(bysubj)

6×7 DataFrame

Row	variable	mean	min	median	max	nmissing	eltype
	Symbol	Union…	Any	Union…	Any	Int64	DataType
1	subj		S001		S816	0	String
2	ns	3373.41	3370	3374.0	3374	0	Int64
3	smiss	1.68305	0	1.0	22	0	Int64
4	sacc	2886.33	1727	2928.0	3286	0	Int64
5	smedianrt	760.992	205.0	735.0	1804.0	0	Float64
6	spropacc	0.855613	0.511855	0.868031	0.973918	0	Float64

First, some subjects are accurate on only about half of their trials, which is the proportion that would be expected from random guessing. A plot of the median response time versus proportion accurate, Figure 4.5, shows that the subjects with lower accuracy are some of the fastest responders, further indicating that these subjects are sacrificing accuracy for speed.

draw(
  data(bysubj) *
  mapping(
    :spropacc => "Proportion accurate",
    :smedianrt => "Median response time (ms)",
  ) *
  (smooth() + visual(Scatter));
  figure=(; size=(600, 450)),
)

Figure 4.5: Median response time versus proportion accurate by subject in the LDT.

As described in Balota et al. (2007), the participants performed the trials in blocks of 250 followed by a short break. During the break they were given feedback concerning accuracy and response latency in the previous block of trials. If the accuracy was less than 80% the participant was encouraged to improve their accuracy. Similarly, if the mean response latency was greater than 1000 ms, the participant was encouraged to decrease their response time. During the trials immediate feedback was given if the response was incorrect.

Nevertheless, approximately 15% of the subjects were unable to maintain 80% accuracy on their trials

count(<(0.8), bysubj.spropacc) / nrow(bysubj)

0.15233415233415235

and there is some association of faster response times with low accuracy. The majority of the subjects whose median response time is less than 500 ms are accurate on less than 75% of their trials. Another way of characterizing the relationship is that none of the subjects with 90% accuracy or greater had a median response time less than 500 ms.

minimum(filter(:spropacc => >(0.9), bysubj).smedianrt)

505.0

It is common in analyses of response latency in a lexical discrimination task to consider only the latencies on correct identifications and to trim outliers. In Balota et al. (2007) a two-stage outlier removal strategy was used; first removing responses less than 200 ms or greater than 3000 ms then removing responses more than three standard deviations from the participant’s mean response.

As described in Section 4.2.3 we will analyze these data on a speed scale (the inverse of response time) using only the first-stage outlier removal of response latencies less than 200 ms or greater than 3000 ms. On the speed scale the limits are 0.333 per second up to 5 per second.

To examine the effects of the fast but inaccurate responders we will fit models to the data from all the participants and to the data from the 85% of participants who maintained an overall accuracy of 80% or greater.

pruned = @chain ldttrial begin
  @subset(!ismissing(:acc), 200 ≤ :rt ≤ 3000,)
  leftjoin!(select(bysubj, :subj, :spropacc); on=:subj)
  dropmissing!
end
size(pruned)

(2714311, 9)

describe(pruned)

9×7 DataFrame

Row	variable	mean	min	median	max	nmissing	eltype
	Symbol	Union…	Any	Union…	Any	Int64	DataType
1	subj		S001		S816	0	String
2	seq	1684.56	1	1684.0	3374	0	Int16
3	acc	0.859884	false	1.0	true	0	Bool
4	rt	838.712	200	733.0	3000	0	Int16
5	item		Aarod		zuss	0	String
6	s2	0.40663	false	0.0	true	0	Bool
7	wrdlen	7.99244	1	8.0	21	0	Int8
8	isword	0.500126	false	1.0	true	0	Bool
9	spropacc	0.857169	0.511855	0.869295	0.973918	0	Float64

4.2.3 Choice of response scale

As we have indicated, generally the response times are analyzed for the correct identifications only. Furthermore, unrealistically large or small response times are eliminated. For this example we only use the responses between 200 and 3000 ms.

A density plot of the pruned response times, Figure 4.6, shows they are skewed to the right.

draw(
  data(pruned) *
  mapping(:rt => "Response time (ms.) for correct responses") *
  AlgebraOfGraphics.density();
  figure=(; size=(600, 340)),
)

Figure 4.6: Kernel density plot of the pruned response times (ms.) in the LDT.

In such cases it is common to transform the response to a scale such as the logarithm of the response time or to the speed of the response, which is the inverse of the response time.

The density of the response speed, in responses per second, is shown in Figure 4.7.

draw(
  data(pruned) *
  mapping(
    :rt =>
      (
        x -> 1000 / x
      ) => "Response speed (s⁻¹) for correct responses",
  ) *
  AlgebraOfGraphics.density();
  figure=(; size=(600, 340)),
)

Figure 4.7: Kernel density plot of the pruned response speed in the LDT.

Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7 indicate that it may be more reasonable to establish a lower bound of 1/3 second (333 ms) on the response latency, corresponding to an upper bound of 3 per second on the response speed. However, only about one half of one percent of the correct responses have latencies in the range of 200 ms. to 333 ms.

count(
  r -> !ismissing(r.acc) && 200 < r.rt < 333,
  eachrow(ldttrial),
) / count(!ismissing, ldttrial.acc)

0.005867195806137328

so the exact position of the lower cut-off point on the response latencies is unlikely to be very important.

As noted in Box & Cox (1964), a transformation of the response that produces a more Gaussian distribution often will also produce a simpler model structure. For example, Figure 4.8 shows the smoothed relationship between word length and response time for words and non-words separately,

draw(
  data(pruned) *
  mapping(
    :wrdlen => "Word length",
    :rt => "Response time (ms)";
    :color => :isword,
  ) *
  smooth();
  figure=(; size=(600, 450)),
)

Figure 4.8: Scatterplot smooths of response time versus word length in the LDT.

and Figure 4.9 shows the similar relationships for speed

draw(
  data(pruned) *
  mapping(
    :wrdlen => "Word length",
    :rt => (x -> 1000 / x) => "Speed of response (s⁻¹)";
    :color => :isword,
  ) *
  smooth();
  figure=(; size=(600, 450)),
)

Figure 4.9: Scatterplot smooths of response speed versus word length in the LDT.

For the most part the smoother lines in Figure 4.9 are reasonably straight. The small amount of curvature is associated with short word lengths, say less than 4 characters, of which there are comparatively few in the study.

Figure 4.10 shows a “violin plot” - the empirical density of the response speed by word length separately for words and nonwords. The lines on the plot are fit by linear regression.

let
  plt = data(@subset(pruned, :wrdlen > 3, :wrdlen < 14))
  plt *= mapping(
    :wrdlen => "Word length",
    :rt => (x -> 1000 / x) => "Speed of response (s⁻¹)",
    color=:isword)
  plt *= (mapping(; side=:isword) * visual(Violin) + linear(; interval=:confidence))
  draw(
    plt,
    axis=(; limits=(nothing, (0.0, 2.8)));
    figure=(; size=(600, 450)),
  )
end

Figure 4.10: Empirical density of response speed versus word length by word/non-word status, with lines fit by linear regression to each group.

4.3 Models with scalar random effects

A major purpose of the English Lexicon Project is to characterize the items (words or nonwords) according to the observed accuracy of identification and to response latency, taking into account subject-to-subject variability, and to relate these to lexical characteristics of the items.

In Balota et al. (2007) the item response latency is characterized by the average response latency from the correct trials after outlier removal.

Mixed-effects models allow us greater flexibility and, we hope, precision in characterizing the items by controlling for subject-to-subject variability and for item characteristics such as word/nonword and item length.

We begin with a model that has scalar random effects for item and for subject and incorporates fixed-effects for word/nonword and for item length and for the interaction of these terms.

4.3.1 Establish the contrasts

Because there are a large number of items in the data set it is important to assign a Grouping() contrast to item (and, less importantly, to subj). For the isword factor we will use an EffectsCoding contrast with the base level as false. The non-words are assigned -1 in this contrast and the words are assigned +1. The wrdlen covariate is on its original scale but centered at 8 characters.

Thus the (Intercept) coefficient is the predicted speed of response for a typical subject and typical item (without regard to word/non-word status) of 8 characters.

Set these contrasts

contrasts[:isword] = EffectsCoding(; base=false);
contrasts[:wrdlen] = Center(8);

and fit a first model with simple, scalar, random effects for subj and item.

elm01 =
  let f = @formula 1000 / rt ~
      1 + isword * wrdlen + (1 | item) + (1 | subj)
    fit(MixedModel, f, pruned; contrasts, progress)
  end

	Est.	SE	z	p	σ_item	σ_subj
(Intercept)	1.3758	0.0090	153.69	<1e-99	0.1185	0.2550
isword: true	0.0625	0.0005	131.35	<1e-99
wrdlen(centered: 8)	-0.0436	0.0002	-225.38	<1e-99
isword: true & wrdlen(centered: 8)	-0.0056	0.0002	-28.83	<1e-99
Residual	0.3781

The predicted response speed by word length and word/nonword status can be summarized as

effects(Dict(:isword => [false, true], :wrdlen => 4:2:12), elm01)

10×6 DataFrame

Row	wrdlen	isword	1000 / rt	err	lower	upper
	Int64	Bool	Float64	Float64	Float64	Float64
1	4	false	1.46555	0.00903111	1.45652	1.47458
2	6	false	1.38947	0.00898124	1.38049	1.39845
3	8	false	1.31338	0.00896459	1.30442	1.32235
4	10	false	1.2373	0.00898134	1.22832	1.24628
5	12	false	1.16121	0.00903129	1.15218	1.17025
6	4	true	1.6351	0.0090311	1.62607	1.64413
7	6	true	1.5367	0.00898124	1.52772	1.54569
8	8	true	1.43831	0.00896459	1.42934	1.44727
9	10	true	1.33991	0.00898133	1.33092	1.34889
10	12	true	1.24151	0.00903128	1.23248	1.25054

If we restrict to only those subjects with 80% accuracy or greater the model becomes

elm02 =
  let f = @formula 1000 / rt ~
      1 + isword * wrdlen + (1 | item) + (1 | subj)
    dat = filter(:spropacc => >(0.8), pruned)
    fit(MixedModel, f, dat; contrasts, progress)
  end

	Est.	SE	z	p	σ_item	σ_subj
(Intercept)	1.3611	0.0088	153.98	<1e-99	0.1247	0.2318
isword: true	0.0656	0.0005	133.73	<1e-99
wrdlen(centered: 8)	-0.0444	0.0002	-222.65	<1e-99
isword: true & wrdlen(centered: 8)	-0.0057	0.0002	-28.73	<1e-99
Residual	0.3342

effects(Dict(:isword => [false, true], :wrdlen => 4:2:12), elm02)

10×6 DataFrame

Row	wrdlen	isword	1000 / rt	err	lower	upper
	Int64	Bool	Float64	Float64	Float64	Float64
1	4	false	1.45036	0.00892466	1.44144	1.45929
2	6	false	1.37297	0.008871	1.3641	1.38184
3	8	false	1.29557	0.00885308	1.28672	1.30443
4	10	false	1.21818	0.0088711	1.20931	1.22705
5	12	false	1.14078	0.00892485	1.13186	1.14971
6	4	true	1.62735	0.00892465	1.61842	1.63627
7	6	true	1.52702	0.008871	1.51815	1.53589
8	8	true	1.4267	0.00885307	1.41784	1.43555
9	10	true	1.32637	0.00887109	1.3175	1.33524
10	12	true	1.22605	0.00892483	1.21712	1.23497

To compare the conditional means of the random effects for item in these two models we incorporate them into the byitem table.

CairoMakie.activate!(; type="png")
condmeans = leftjoin!(
  leftjoin!(
    rename!(DataFrame(raneftables(elm01)[:item]), [:item, :elm01]),
    rename!(DataFrame(raneftables(elm02)[:item]), [:item, :elm02]);
    on=:item,
  ),
  select(byitem, :item, :isword; copycols=false);
  on=:item,
)
draw(
  data(condmeans) * mapping(
    :elm01 => "Conditional means of item random effects for model elm01",
    :elm02 => "Conditional means of item random effects for model elm02";
    color=:isword,
  );
  figure=(; size=(600, 400)),
)

Figure 4.11: Conditional means of scalar random effects for item in model elm01, fit to the pruned data, versus those for model elm02, fit to the pruned data with inaccurate subjects removed.

Note

Adjust the alpha on Figure 4.11.

Figure 4.11 is exactly of the form that would be expected in a sample from a correlated multivariate Gaussian distribution. The correlation of the two sets of conditional means is about 96%.

cor(Matrix(select(condmeans, :elm01, :elm02)))

2×2 Matrix{Float64}:
 1.0       0.958655
 0.958655  1.0

These models take only a few seconds to fit on a modern laptop computer, which is quite remarkable given the size of the data set and the number of random effects.

The amount of time to fit more complex models will be much greater so we may want to move those fits to more powerful server computers. We can split the tasks of fitting and analyzing a model between computers by saving the optimization summary after the model fit and later creating the MixedModel object followed by restoring the optsum object.

saveoptsum("./optsums/elm01.json", elm01);

elm01a = restoreoptsum!(
  let f = @formula 1000 / rt ~
      1 + isword * wrdlen + (1 | item) + (1 | subj)
    MixedModel(f, pruned; contrasts)
  end,
  "./optsums/elm01.json",
)

	Est.	SE	z	p	σ_item	σ_subj
(Intercept)	1.3758	0.0090	153.69	<1e-99	0.1185	0.2550
isword: true	0.0625	0.0005	131.35	<1e-99
wrdlen(centered: 8)	-0.0436	0.0002	-225.38	<1e-99
isword: true & wrdlen(centered: 8)	-0.0056	0.0002	-28.83	<1e-99
Residual	0.3781

Other covariates associated with the item are available as

elpldtitem = DataFrame(dataset(:ELP_ldt_item))
describe(elpldtitem)

9×7 DataFrame

Row	variable	mean	min	median	max	nmissing	eltype
	Symbol	Union…	Any	Union…	Any	Int64	Type
1	item		Aarod		zuss	0	String
2	Ortho_N	1.53309	0	1.0	25	0	Int8
3	BG_Sum	13938.4	11	13026.0	59803	177	Union{Missing, Int32}
4	BG_Mean	1921.25	5.5	1907.0	6910.0	177	Union{Missing, Float32}
5	BG_Freq_By_Pos	2043.08	0	1928.0	6985	4	Union{Missing, Int16}
6	itemno	40481.5	1	40481.5	80962	0	Int32
7	isword	0.5	false	0.5	true	0	Bool
8	wrdlen	7.9988	1	8.0	21	0	Int8
9	pairno	20241.0	1	20241.0	40481	0	Int32

and those associated with the subject are

elpldtsubj = DataFrame(dataset(:ELP_ldt_subj))
describe(elpldtsubj)

20×7 DataFrame

Row	variable	mean	min	median	max	nmissing	eltype
	Symbol	Union…	Any	Any	Any	Int64	Type
1	subj		S001		S816	0	String
2	univ		Kansas		Wayne State	0	String
3	sex		f		m	8	Union{Missing, String}
4	DOB		1938-06-07		1984-11-14	0	Date
5	MEQ	44.4932	19.0	44.0	75.0	8	Union{Missing, Float32}
6	vision	5.51169	0	6.0	7	1	Union{Missing, Int8}
7	hearing	5.86101	0	6.0	7	1	Union{Missing, Int8}
8	educatn	8.89681	1	12.0	28	0	Int8
9	ncorrct	29.8505	5	30.0	40	18	Union{Missing, Int8}
10	rawscor	31.9925	13	32.0	40	18	Union{Missing, Int8}
11	vocabAge	17.8123	10.3	17.8	21.0	19	Union{Missing, Float32}
12	shipTime	3.0861	0	3.0	9	1	Union{Missing, Int8}
13	readTime	2.50215	0.0	2.0	15.0	1	Union{Missing, Float32}
14	preshlth	5.48708	0	6.0	7	1	Union{Missing, Int8}
15	pasthlth	4.92989	0	5.0	7	1	Union{Missing, Int8}
16	S1start		2001-03-16T13:49:27	2001-10-16T11:38:28.500	2003-07-29T18:48:44	0	DateTime
17	S2start		2001-03-19T10:00:35	2001-10-19T14:24:19.500	2003-07-30T13:07:45	0	DateTime
18	MEQstrt		2001-03-22T18:32:00	2001-10-23T11:26:13	2003-07-30T14:30:49	7	Union{Missing, DateTime}
19	filename		101DATA.LDT		Data998.LDT	0	String
20	frstLang		English		other	8	Union{Missing, String}

For the simple model elm01 the estimated standard deviation of the random effects for subject is greater than that of the random effects for item, a common occurrence. A caterpillar plot, Figure 4.12,

qqcaterpillar!(Figure(; size=(600, 450)), ranefinfo(elm01, :subj))

Figure 4.12: Conditional means and 95% prediction intervals for subject random effects in elm01.

shows definite distinctions between subjects because the widths of the prediction intervals are small compared to the range of the conditional modes. Also, there is at least one outlier with a conditional mode over 1.0.

Figure 4.13 is the corresponding caterpillar plot for model elm02 fit to the data with inaccurate responders eliminated.

qqcaterpillar!(Figure(; size=(600, 450)), ranefinfo(elm02, :subj))

Figure 4.13: Conditional means and 95% prediction intervals for subject random effects in elm02.

This page was rendered from git revision 57a0584 .

Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Hutchison, K. A., Cortese, M. J., Kessler, B., Loftis, B., Neely, J. H., Nelson, D. L., Simpson, G. B., & Treiman, R. (2007). The English lexicon project. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 445–459. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193014

Box, G. E. P., & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 26(2), 211–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x